Lighthouses ks2 are towers, buildings or other physical structures that emit a bright light to serve as a navigational aid for ships at sea and on inland waterways. They mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs and rocks as well as safe entries to ports. They can also be used to guide aerial navigation.
In the past, the light from a lighthouse was created by fires (often coal or oil). In later times, this was replaced with electricity. Today, most lighthouses have flashing lights that are operated by automatic sensors. These can detect if there is extra moisture in the air and turn on fog signals to warn ships of danger.
Lighthouses can be made from a variety of materials, such as wood, granite, brick, sandstone, steel or reinforced concrete. In 1759 an English Engineer named John Smeaton designed a new type of lighthouse that became the model for most lighthouses. It was built from interlocking blocks of stone which helped it withstand powerful waves. In 1821 a French physicist called Augustin Fresnel invented a lens that could be placed in a lighthouse to help it shine much brighter. There are seven different sizes of Fresnel lenses, called orders. These are numbered and their effective range decreases as the order number increases.
In the past, lighthouses were manned by keepers who lived at the station. These men and women were able to work at the lighthouse for weeks or months on end. They were often very isolated, and relied on tinned and dried food as fresh supplies would only last for so long. Keepers were relieved every two weeks, but if the weather was bad they might be stuck at the lighthouse for longer than this.
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